Signalling pathways are a crucial part of cellular communication in organisms. These pathways involve a series of molecular events that transmit signals from the external environment to the cell's nucleus, triggering various cellular responses. Signalling pathways play a key role in regulating processes such as cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. They are also involved in various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and autoimmune disorders. Researchers study signalling pathways to understand how they work and develop new treatments for diseases by targeting specific molecules involved in these pathways.